The food industry in the United State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The food industry in the United State - Essay Example Moreover, the rest of the world has already recognized the need to put labels on all products that contain genetically modified organisms and implemented the corresponding legislations. Subsequently, there is a sufficient ground to consider the lack of GMO labels as a serious problem of the modern food industry that demands immediate and effective solutions to preserve safety and rights of the general population. To start with, the issue of GMO labelling should be viewed as a national concern since it touches upon all Americans rather than some particular group. For instance, since the massive production of GMO foods was launched in 90s, they gradually took the great share of the market and, today, constitute the prevailing majority of all the available products. Namely, near 70 percent of all processed food that are sold on the territory of the United States contain genetically engineered ingredients as well as the majority of the crops sold throughout the country are genetically modified. (Dahl 359-361) According to Louise Chu, more than â€Å"88 percent of all corn and 94 percent of soybeans† are genetically modified. (Chu) It follows that people are left without any option apart from consuming products remaining unaware of what they are actually paying for. Subsequently, it seems irrelevant that people are not given the opportunity to learn about the genetically engineered ingredi ents that were added to the product together with all the rest information put on a label. As a result, it is possible to regard the absence of GMO labelling laws as a direct violation of people’s rights to know what they are buying and consuming. Moreover, the seriousness of the discussed problem is reinforced by the fact that GMO products are potentially harmful for the health of people. Firstly, the overall range of possible effects

History Of Sports In South Africa History Essay

History Of Sports In South Africa History Essay Sports in South Africa are largely separated into different parts on ethnic lines. In South Africa sports is treated as the national religion, language group as well as transcending race. In this country it is believed that sport unites the entire country. The Sport and Recreation South Africa takes the responsibility of sport in South Africa which is the national government department. The vision of this department is to create an Active and Winning nation. It focuses to provide many opportunities for South Africans to take part in sport provide fund for various codes related to sport, manage the regulatory framework etc. Sport and Recreation South Africa (SRSA) is being headed by Mr. Fikile Mbalula, who is the minister of Sport and Recreation, Mr. Gert Oosthuizen, who is the Deputy Minister of sport and Recreation, Mr. Alec Moemi who is the Director General and Ms. Sumayya Khan, Chief Operations Officer. Football in South Africa: Football is the most popular sports which is mostly liked and admired by black South Africans. Bafana Bafana is the nick name which is given to the national football team. 2010 FIFA World Cup is the first cup which is being hosted in South Africa. In order to improve conversational skills among the people, crash course is being held on important teams of the country. South African national Australian Rules football team is national team of football in South Africa. This team competed Australias best under 17 players team and made history in 2007 and also defeated Australian amateur senior team. In 2008 annual national championship was held. This team also competed Australian Football International Cup which is considered as world cup for all countries except Australia where sport is being played professionally. Cricket in South Africa: The next or the second popular sport which is liked by the South Africans is Cricket and this is the customized sport of two communities named Indian South African and Anglo- African communities. This is now being followed by people of all races. The nickname given to the National Cricket Team is The Proteas. Ashwell Prince, Loots Bosman, Hashim Amla, Charl Langeveldt, Herschelle Gibbs, Makhaya Ntini and Monde Zondeki are the non-white cricket players in South Africa. Also Afrikaners include the following players in their team AB de Villiers, Johan Botha, Albie Morkel, Dale Steyn and Morne Morkel. Herschelle Gibbs is the most dominating batsman; Jacques Kallis and Shaun Pollock are the all-rounders, bowler Makhaya Nitni reached second in ICC Player Rankings in the year 2006. Dale Steyn is ranked as the best bowlers currently. Graeme Smith, who is the captain, is also one of the dominant batsman in the world cricket. Mark Boucher who is the wicket keeper has t he world record for a great number of dismissals for wicketkeeper and he continues playing for his team. South Africa had reached the semi-finals of event in 2007 cricket world cup but it lost to Australia. Rugby Union: The famous sport among Afrikaners includes rugby union. The Springboks is the nickname which is being given to the National rugby union team. Most of the South Africans think that Rugby is origin of bursting pride, it is considered as a serious matter or it is treated as shattering disappointment. The country has played this game traditionally well on the world stage and the South Africans believe that the national team will win every game which they play. South Africa the Rugby World Cup in 1995 by defeating all blacks in the finals which is remembered as the famous sporting moment in South Africa. The Springboks became the part of New South Africa after getting training by the associations. Nelson Mandela was chosen as the president, wearing springbok jersey which was won by the whites only once, at the final of Rugby World Cup 1995. South African Golf: The country has the Best players. The country has best players in the game which includes the major winners named Bobby Locke, Ernie Els Retief Goosen, Gary Player and many others who challenge for great titles all over the world. Horse racing in South Africa: Horse Racing is also one of the popular sports which are played in South Africa. In this racing take place all around the country. Rich and long history is being enjoyed by the sports player in South Africa. The South Atlantic Yacht Race: Top international events are organized in South Africa which is the cause of satisfaction for all South Africans. The highest of this position is given to the South Atlantic Yacht Race which is originally called Cape to Rio. Currently it is called as Cape to Bahia. In the Southern hemisphere is race is the largest continent to continent yacht race. Athletics (running) in South Africa: South Africa possesses active athletic schedule and has large number of athletics who take part in contest internationally and compete for Olympic and the Paralympic games. The major events include Two Oceans Marathon and the Comrades Marathon. The 2011 World Championships in Athletics which was held in Daegu in South Korea, the team of following players Oscar Pistorius, Ofentse Mogawane, Shane Victor and Willem de Beer set the national record time of 2:59.21 seconds and finally South Africa won the silver medal in the finals with the team members Beer, victor, Mogawane and Jacob van. Also a silver medal was won by Caster Semenya in 2012 in womens 800 m Olympic Games which were held in London with the set record time of 1:57.23 seconds. Oscar Pistorius also became first double amputee sprinter in 2012 to compete the Olympic Games but did not succeeded in winning the medal. A gold and bronze medal was won by Pistorius in T44 class in Summer Paralympics in the year 2004 which was held in Athens and also won three gold medals at Summer Paralympic Games at 2008 which were held in Beijing. Also two gold medals were won by him at 2012 Paralympic Games. For 200 m and 400 m events he had also remained T43 world record holder. Gold medal was won by South African team of Zivan Smith, Pistorius, Samkelo Radebe and Arnu Fourie and Paralympic record of 4*100 m relay was set by them. Basketball: In South Africa basketball is famous sport among the youth. Basketball South Africa, the national Federation is is the youngest members of FIBA which is the global basketball governing body and was founded in 1992. Cycling: The major events include 94.7 cycle challenge and Cape Argus Cycle Race. South Africa possess powerful cycle race scene. Robert Hunter is the famous cyclist who won the stage in Tour de France in 2007. The national governing body in South Africa of cycling is CyclingSA or Cycling South Africa. Golf: South Africa is one of the largest golfing nations and has illustrious history. Golf is one of the best individual sports event in which the South Africans take part in. As compared, the South African players remain at the top level with the quantity and quantity. Bobby Locke was the first South African who won a major championship The British Open for four times in the year 1949, 1950, 1952 and 1957. Gray Player is the top famous player of golf in SA. He along with Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus was dominated for world golf in 1960s and 1970s. Sailing: In South Africa, for the sport of sailing South African sailing is the national governing body which is being recognized by International Sailing Federation. Tennis: South Africa was considered as the country which had good tennis players who died away with the new administration of sport. Wayne Ferreira and Amanda Coetzer are the recent tennis players who rank among the world top ten players. Johan Kriek is the only one grand slam tournament winner in South Africa who won Australian Open in the year 1981. He won again the year 1982 but he acquired American citizenship and he played as an American in 1982. In 1984, the Australian Open Final was made by Kevin Curren. Irene Bowder Peacock, Brian Norton, Ian Vermaak, Sandra Reynoldsa, Eric Sturgess and Cliff Drysdale include other grand slam finalists in south Africa. Canoeing: In South Africa, a huge number of canoe events take place annually which are mentioned as follows: Berg River Canoe Marathon Dusi Canoe Marathon Fish River Canoe Marathon Chess: Chess is also taking major place in South Africa. Its demand is growing rapidly in this country. Some of the major events include: South African Open South African Chess Championship Mind Sports: Mind Sports South Africa was founded on 14 December 1984 and it has hosted around five world championships in following places which are as follows: Johannesburg in 1997 Cape Town in 1999 Durban in 2002 Port Elizabeth in 2007 Durban in 2012 The Mind Sports South Africa also looks after the games like Board Gaming, Figure Gaming and e Sports. Board Gaming includes Draughts, Backgammon (International, Anglo- American and Pool Checkers), Morabaraba also called as Mlabalaba, Moruba, SesothoMorabaraba. Figure Gaming Include Ancients (3000 BC to 1500 AD), Pike and Shot ( 1500 AD to 1700 AD), Horse and Musket(1700 to 1845) and World War 2( 1939 to 1945). E Sports include personal computer gaming, mobile gaming and PSP gaming. Motor Sports: Jody Schekter is Formula One World Champion in South Africa who had succeeded or triumphed for Ferrari in 1979. It had also staged Formula One Grand Prix and is also one of the host nations for A1 Grand Prix. In South Africa Motor Rallying and off road 4*4 racing vastly popular. Rugby League: Rugby League is also the famous sport in South Africa. It has four different committees, administrative boards and interests from around 40 years that made an attempt to set up the game of rugby league in this country. The English and the French expanded the game into different nations that would ensure a lucrative and glowing future. This was the first attempt and it failed as the South African public did not included this game in sport. The second attempt was made in 1960s in double act which consisted of separate factions, one was the National Rugby League and the other was the South African Rugby League. Tom Van Vollenhoven Cup is the rugby league competition which is held in South Africa. Skydiving and Parachuting: In South Africa, there are about 20 skydiving clubs and drop zones that are registered and all the clubs are connected or joined to the Parachute association of South Africa (PASA). Boxing: Jeffrey Mathebula won the title named IBF junior featherweight title in March 2012. British version of world bantamweight title was won by Willie Smith. About seventy one world champions are being produced by South Africa. One hundred and fourteen titles have been won by seventy one world champions who include thirty five titles for WBA, WBC, WBO and IBF which are the four major sanctioning bodies. In the year 1998 there were eight world champions in South Africa. Some of the major sports events include the following: Midmar Mile Three world class canoe marathons Cape Argus Pick n Pay Cycle Tour Two oceans Marathon Comrades marathon Ned bank Golf Challenge Adventure and Outdoor Sport: The adventure and outdoor sport include the following: Hiking Abseiling and Rapp jumping Horse riding and trails Bungee jumping Mountain biking Canoeing, rafting and kayaking Paragliding, hang gliding and flying Fishing Surfing, wind and kite surfing, sailing Polo Skydiving and base jumping Rock climbing Scuba diving There are number of disabled athletes in South Africa. Oscar Pistorius is the double amputee world record holder at 200m and 400 m, Natalie du Toit, who is the swimmer who became the first amputee who competed in swimming in 2008 at able bodied Olympics. A three time Xterra Triathlon world champion is Conrad Stoltz in triathlon. Also there is one multiple Ironman Champion named Raynard Tissink. The ITU World Cup winner is Hendrick de Villiers and Dan Hugo is multi-sport and Xterra star.

Modernism In Works of T.S. Elliot And James Joyce Essay -- Literature

Introduction: Modernism is a word that is generally used to understand "new and distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the present century, but especially after World War I." (Abrams 167) More often than not "Modernism" engages in "deliberate and radical break" (Abrams 167) with some of the more traditional foundation of art and culture. Peter Childs in his book Modernism remarks "Modernism has almost universally been considered a literature of not just change but crisis" (p. 14, Unit Reader p. 12). This essay will discuss and assess the value of this statement through the parts of the poem "The Waste Land" as well as "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" both of which were written by eminent poet T.S. Eliot and a short story from "Dubliners" named "Eveline" by James Joyece. Both the Poems and the short story in some way celebrate the practical and existent picture of life and culture and the changes with in them. This essay will firstly discuss the poem "The Waste Land" secondly it will discuss "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" thirdly the short story "Eveline" from the "Dubliners" and lastly it will discuss the how the discussions have helped to extend the understanding of the concept of Modernism. The Waste Land Section I: "The Burial of the Dead": This section of the "Waste Land" can be distinguished as a modified dramatic monolog. The four speakers in this part, who are very much frustrated by out side circumstances (a change and crisis) like war, are in dire need of speaking their hearts out but find themselves surrounded by dead people. The poem uses a partial rhyme scheme. The inclusion of language other than English make... ...through made her transform in a different way. Everything for her changes even after her discission to stay in Dublin. Modernism is a very different form of literature than those which were written before the First World War. Through the poems by T.S. Eliot and the short story by James Joyce one thing was evident; the impact of war was the biggest motivation behind all three pieces of writing. Another thing that was apparent was the fact that people were more concern about their individuality at that time which became prominent in the writings as well. Modernism began in a time where the war had shattered both the exterior and the interior of European culture and people embarked on thinking differently and new forms of realisations were embarking. These new realisations and ideas were channelled through different forms of literature and art and formed Modernism.

Marketing Glitz

Individual Assignment – Glitzz Case Study 1. What factors influence the pricing decisions for a product such as Glitzz? Analyze the factors and comment on the range of prices that can be set for Glitzz. The factors that influence the pricing decisions for Glitzz are the pricing objectives, costs, and demand. The pricing objectives will be needed to direct the role of the price in the market. Higher prices will need to be set if the objective is to have higher profit margin instead of higher market share. However, if the objective is to survive in the industry, the prices need to be low to get more sales to meet its operating cost.For the case of Glitzz, the pricing objective is between having higher market share and to survive in the industry. Costs play an important role in the pricing decision as it set the minimum price for the product in order for the company to operate and cover their cost to prevent losses. There are five cost concepts, namely the fixed cost, variable co st, unit variable cost and marginal cost and total cost. Fixed cost is the sum of expense of the firm that is stable and do not change with the quantity of a product that is produced and sold. The fixed cost for Glitzz would be the machineries, rent of factory building, and insurance.The variable cost is the sum of expenses of that firm that vary directly with the quantity of the product that is produced and sold. The variable cost for Glitzz would be direct labour and raw material used to produce the bottle of jewelry cleaner. Total cost is the total expense incurred by the firm in the process of producing and marketing the product. Unit variable cost is the variable cost expressed on per unit basis and the marginal cost is the change in the total cost that results from producing and marketing one additional unit of product.Demand is also one of the important factors for pricing decision as it helps to relate the quantity sold with the price. Demand is dependent on the key factors, consumer taste, consumer income and the price and availability of similar products. They look into the consumers willingness and their ability to pay for the product. As stated in the case study, very few consumers are willing to pay a price which is higher than $20. Hence, the consumers willingness to pay and affordability for the product needs to be lesser than $20. In the case of Glitzz, the type of competitive market is monopolistic competition.There are similar products in the market but Glitzz will be competing with the non price factor which is their special formula for the cleaner with natural ingredient that is gentle on skin. This is to stand out from their competitors like the Brilliant Restorer and Connoisseurs by charging at a slightly different price as compared to its competitors. Therefore, the price has to be set at an affordable range around $12 to $20 in order to manage long run profit and develop a quality product to penetrate the competitive market.This price s hould not be lower than the cost and its competitors due to its unique non price factor that their competitors did not offer. 2. What price would you recommend for Glitzz? Why? I would recommend Glizz to set their price at $17. 90. Most of its competitors like the Brilliant Restorer and Connoisseurs are setting their prices ranging from $6. 97 to $16. 90. As Glitzz is a newly packaged product that is entering the monopolistic competitive market, it has to be competition oriented.With the pricing objective to gain market share, they are not able to gain market share by having price war. Hence, the price has to be set in a way that it does not deviate much from its competitors. Furthermore, the price is also priced odd-even as theory shown that the demand increases when the price drop. Thus, pricing at $17. 90, it seems to indicate that the price has dropped from $18. This can help as way to increase their demand by having customers to kick start their first purchase of Glitzz product in order for Glitzz to pave its place in the market.However, the price is set slightly above the competitors as a form of prestige pricing to attract quality customers as Glitzz is offering a product of quality with the natural ingredient used for its jewelry cleaning solution that is gentle on skin, non-corrosive and nonabrasive. A product that brings positive benefits to the customers should not set its price at a very low rate as it will devalue the product and lost credibility for the benefits that the product has promised. In addition, the price should not be over $ 20 as research has been conducted to show that very few customers are willing to pay above $20 for the product. . What Strategy would you propose for Glitzz? What costs and expenses would be involved? Given your recommended price in (2), what would be the breakeven point? I would recommend Glitzz to use Flexible-price policy together with demand and competition oriented approaches like prestige, odd-even and above- market pricing. Both the demand and competition oriented approaches focus on consumer demand, revenue implication and the markets performance and this helps Glitzz to stay competitive and in operation.Moreover, with flexible pricing policy, Glitzz is able to use price discrimination by setting different prices for different type of customers. The price can be set at a discount for business to business customers like Lee Hwa. Glitzzs product will be frequently used by jelwelry shops like Lee Hwa as Lee Hwas products are the jewelries. The jewelries have to be kept clean and shiny to attract consumers attention and desire to purchase their jewelries. Hence, Gltizzs product will come in handy to facilitate the jewelry shops sales as it aids in the cleaning and polishing of the jewelries.Hence, being the main stream of customers for Glitzz with their high usage and quantity purchased, Glitzz can lower their price and gives discounts to these jewelry shops. On the other hand, the price w ill be higher for the mass market as compared to the jewelry shops due to the lower usage and quantity purchased. The consumers in the mass market will purchased the jewelry cleaning product less frequently as they do not have the need to maintain their jewelry at its best condition everyday and the product is commonly used especially during special occasion like New year or parties.Hence, Glizz is able to set at higher price for the mass market at departmental stores like Robinsons. In addition, setting a higher price could also allow Glitzz to earn a smaller amount of profit when there are seasonal discounts for their product in the departmental stores. The cost and expense involved were the consultation cost ($5000), cost of the content and packaging (20000 x $5= $ 100 000) and budget for advertising ($ 1-2 million).The budget for advertising will somewhat made up the majority of the cost as these activities are important for the long-term future of the products by developing bra nd awareness and preference. The activities will include advertising cost on mass media, promotions and marketing cost that are incurred. Assuming that budget for advertising is $1million, Fixed Cost= $5000+$1000000=$1005000 Unit Variable cost = $5 Recommended Unit Price in Question 2 = $17. 90 Break-even point (BEP) = Fixed Cost/ (Unit Price- Unit variable cost) = 77906. 9767 = 77907 Quantity (round up to nearest whole number)

Understand How To Safeguard The Wellbeing Of Children And Young People

There is much more to Safeguarding than just protecting children from direct abuse. Any service that works with children and young people knows that they have a much wider responsibility than simply protecting the children from neglect and abuse. An action plan was put in place by Her Majesty’s Government called the ‘Stay Safe’ action plan, and it identifies a number of important features in the wider view of safeguarding including:†¢Keeping children safe from accidents†¢Crime and bullying – This could be helping victims of crime and also helping those that commit crime. This could also be witness's that need support Bullying could be racially motivated, cyber, text. Making sure that children and parents are given the information to protect themselves†¢Forced marriages†¢Missing children – This aims to develop an action plan to put the principles set out in The Children’s Society recommendations into action, to initiate an e arly review of emergency accommodation provision, to consider how local authorities can best provide safe places and ‘breathing spaces’ for young runaways; and revise the Missing from Home and Care guidance, in conjunction with the review of the Children Act 1989 regulations and guidance.†¢Actively promoting their welfare in a healthy and safe environment – The Staying Safe action plan states that it is important that everyone (parents, practitioners, government) work together to create the healthiest, safest environment possible for children and young people to access wherever they are, whether they’re at home, school/nursery, on public transport or just outside playing. It is everyone’s responsibility to create this safe environment so that all young people can achieve and are getting the best support possible.The Staying Safe consultation document set out three levels of safeguarding: †¢Universal safeguarding – Working to keep al l children and young people safe and create safe environments for all children†¢Targeted safeguarding – Some groups of children are more at risk than others, and it is important to target policies and services to these groups, to help keep them safe from harm†¢Responsive safeguarding – Unfortunately, no matter what we do, there  will always be some children and young people who suffer harm. We need to respond quickly and appropriately when this happens – supporting children and dealing with those who harm them.

Free Essays on Attitudes And Intentions, Dealing With The Consumer

Attitudes and Intentions, Dealing with the Consumer Attitudes and intentions have always been a major part of the marketers’ research. Attitudes, a person’s overall evaluation of a concept, is used in the integration process to see how an object is thought of and viewed. Intentions also determine most voluntary behaviors. Measures of consumers’ intentions may not be perfect indicators of the actual intentions that determine the behavior. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the relationship between attitudes and intentions and the part they both play on the marketing plan. Attitude has been called â€Å"the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary American social psychology.† (Fishbein 1-19) And it is one of the most important concepts marketers use to understand consumers. This is because marketers have been able to use attitudes as key tools in the research process. Over the years, researchers have tried a variety of approaches to studying attitudes in an attempt to provide a more complete understanding of behavior. This behavior of consumers has thought to be strategically dependent on the attitudes of the consumers. Although the dominant approach to attitudes has changed over the years, nearly all definitions of attitude have one thing in common: they all refer to a person’s overall evaluation of a concept. (Fazio 204-43) Evaluations are affective responses at relatively low levels of intensity and arousal, created by both the affective and cognitive systems. The affective system automatically produces affective responses – including emotions, feelings, moods, and evaluations or attitudes – as immediate, direct responses to certain stimuli. These stimuli may or may not affect the response, depending on the environment at which the test is being performed. The cognitive processing model of consumer decision making shows that an overall evaluation is formed when consumers combine knowledge, meani... Free Essays on Attitudes And Intentions, Dealing With The Consumer Free Essays on Attitudes And Intentions, Dealing With The Consumer Attitudes and Intentions, Dealing with the Consumer Attitudes and intentions have always been a major part of the marketers’ research. Attitudes, a person’s overall evaluation of a concept, is used in the integration process to see how an object is thought of and viewed. Intentions also determine most voluntary behaviors. Measures of consumers’ intentions may not be perfect indicators of the actual intentions that determine the behavior. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the relationship between attitudes and intentions and the part they both play on the marketing plan. Attitude has been called â€Å"the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary American social psychology.† (Fishbein 1-19) And it is one of the most important concepts marketers use to understand consumers. This is because marketers have been able to use attitudes as key tools in the research process. Over the years, researchers have tried a variety of approaches to studying attitudes in an attempt to provide a more complete understanding of behavior. This behavior of consumers has thought to be strategically dependent on the attitudes of the consumers. Although the dominant approach to attitudes has changed over the years, nearly all definitions of attitude have one thing in common: they all refer to a person’s overall evaluation of a concept. (Fazio 204-43) Evaluations are affective responses at relatively low levels of intensity and arousal, created by both the affective and cognitive systems. The affective system automatically produces affective responses – including emotions, feelings, moods, and evaluations or attitudes – as immediate, direct responses to certain stimuli. These stimuli may or may not affect the response, depending on the environment at which the test is being performed. The cognitive processing model of consumer decision making shows that an overall evaluation is formed when consumers combine knowledge, meani...

Child prodigy Essays

Child prodigy Essays Child prodigy Essay Child prodigy Essay If you have ever regretted volunteering for a task, but had to continue, despite this, you will know how I felt, as I boarded the coach that would take me to the venue of the chess tournament. It was an all-consuming, unforgettable, always nagging sort of worry: that I would bring about my own humiliation as I lost game by game at the prestigious tournament. No. Not a worry but a certainty. For I had not practised once in the past months, while in my prime, it was normal for me to spend a couple of evenings per week at a board, revising combinations. Yes, it was this lack of practice that troubled me to the very core, that I would disappoint my team and be humiliated for it. So the odour of the garbage on the coach had little effect on me, as I contemplated the nature of the disgrace that I would bring upon myself. In an attempt to banish these thoughts from my head, I brought out my reading book, which I soon immersed myself in, but the cheers and chit chat from my team mates as the coach started could not be ignored. As I snapped out of my ponderous trance, I became aware of the true stench of this appalling place where rotten eggs and ham from long forgotten packed lunches lay neatly stacked under the seats and the random splodges of yogurt were spread over the once-fine seat covers. But as the hours passed, none of these were noticed as my nose grew accustomed to the constant whiff, and my eyes remained firmly fixed on the pages of my book. It was finally four hours later that we pulled into the drive of the B B where we would stay. Just one more night till I would be a humiliated man My first match of the next day started and ended badly. I was to play against a boy of no more than 8, who sat precariously on the very edge of his seat, with legs dangling aimlessly under the table. His age and the innocent gaze gave me hope that I could at least secure 1 point for my team. But I was wrong, very wrong. As he made his first moves, I saw he was no novice and despite my best efforts, my fiendish foe struck mercilessly, felling my pieces one by one. It was an uphill struggle, a battle I could not win and yet I tried, while to my annoyance, he squealed with delight after each capture in a childlike manner, though he had the skill of double his apparent age. I can tell you this was terribly shocking. So there was no surprise when he finally delivered checkmate, though while we did this, I dreaded the teases I would be sure to receive as the result of this lost battle, especially due to my opponents age. As I stepped from the room, my fears were confirmed. My humiliation had begun. My next match went just as badly. Still in a daze from the jests endured, my head spinning, as I tried desperately to win against my unsympathetic opponent. But my efforts were to no avail, as I lost, even more swiftly than before. But my thoughts cleared as I left the tournament room: one round to make a win. One round to avoid disgrace! After my disastrous rounds, I expected nothing more than another loss from equally capable opponents, knowing my fate for humiliation had been sealed the moment I agreed to come. But my next opponent was not something I could have anticipated given even the wildest imagination. Like a giant, he towered over the board, but it was not his height which troubled me but his bulk. His fat bulged in great flabs so that I felt he might burst and his slow, lumbering walk scarcely surprised me. One could tell clothes were not made to his size; the Nike logo on his shirt was stretched into a thin line while his fat writhed under his tight top as he reached out to move his piece. I made no mistake in underestimating my opponent this time, however, it was soon clear he was less gifted than the child prodigy I had played the first round. But there was still something strange about the game play, there was something about the way we played in his shadow that unnerved me, and before long, I once more felt myself sailing against the wind in this battle of mine. But as does a wounded animal strike back, so did I, knowing the fate that would come to me if I lost this match. But then, my silent prayers were answered: in the form of the biggest blunder I had ever seen at this level of play, and I pounced upon it, like a hungry wild cat as he throws himself on a mouse. The tide had changed, and I finished him off easily. The victory was mine, no disgrace for me.

Learning the Alphabet in German

Learning the Alphabet in German German has often been viewed by non-Germans as a harsh sounding language. That may be due in part to the more guttural pronunciation of certain German alphabet sounds and diphthongs and perhaps even a still lingering effect of old WWII movie stereotypes. Once non-German speakers familiarize themselves with German’s different sounds, however, another kind of poetic beauty will unfold before them that has been revered worldwide in the works of many German greats, such as Goethe  and Schiller through prose and song. Unique Characteristics of the German Alphabet More than 26 letters in the alphabet - German has a so-called extended Latin alphabetThe extra letters are , à ¶, à ¼ and ßThe pronunciation of some of these letters do not exist in the English languageSeveral letters are pronounced more from the back of the throat: g, ch, r (though in Austria the r is trilled).The W in German sounds like the V in EnglishThe V in German sounds like the F in EnglishMost of the time the S in German sounds like Z in English when placed at the beginning of a word followed by a vowel.The letter ß will never appear at the beginning of a word. Das Deutsche Alphabet (The German Alphabet) Click on the following letters to hear them pronounced. (Audio saved as .wav files.) Buchstabe/ Letter Aussprache des Buchstabenamens/ Pronunciation of letter name Aussprache des Buchstaben - wie in/ Sound of Letter - as in Beispiele/ Examples A a ah astronaut der Adler (eagle), Januar (January) B b approximate: bay baby der Bruder (brother), aber (but) C c approximate: tsay creative, Celcius (soft c sound in German sounds like ts) der Chor, der Christkindlmarkt (south German term for der Weihnachtsmarkt/ Christmas market), Celcius D d approximate: day dollar Dienstag (Tuesday), oder (or) E e approximate: ay elegant essen (to eat), zuerst (first) F f eff effort der Freund (friend), offen (open) G g approximate: gay gorgeous gut (good), gemein (mean) H h haa hammer der Hammer, dieMà ¼hle (mill) I i eeh Igor der Igel (porcupine), der Imbiss (snack), sieben (seven) J j yot yellow das Jahr (year), jeder (each) K k kah camel das Kamel, der Kuchen (cake) L l ell love die Leute (people), das Land (land) M m em man der Mann, die Ameise N n en nice nicht (not), die Mà ¼nze (coin) O o oh oven Ostern (Easter),rot (red) P p approximate: pay party die Polizei (police), der Apfel Q q koo coral das Quadrat (square), die Quelle (source)Note: All German words start with qu (kw - sound) R r approximate: er rich der Rà ¼cken (the back), der Stern (star) S s es zoo, shine, mouse summen (to hum), schà ¶n (pretty, nice), die Maus T t approximate: tay tyrant der Tyrann, acht (eight) U u ooh ou sound in you die Universitt (university), der Mund (mouth) V v fow father der Vogel (bird), die Nerven (nerves) W w approximate: vay van die Wange (cheek), das Schwein (pig, wieviel (how much) X x ix sounds like kz das Xylofon/ Xylophon, die Hexe (witch)Note: There are hardly any German words that start with X Y y uep-si-lohn yellow die Yucca, der YetiNote: There are hardly any German words that start with Y. Z z tset sounds like ts die Zeitung (newspaper), der Zigeuner (gypsy) Umlaut ß Aussprache des Buchstaben/ Pronunciation of Letter Beispiele/ Examples sounds similar to the e in melon hnlich (similar), ghnen (to yawn) à ¶ sounds similar to the i in girl Ãâ€"sterreich (Austria), der Là ¶we (lion) à ¼ no equivalent nor approximate sound in English à ¼ber (over),mà ¼de (tired) ß (esszet) double s sound heiß (hot),die Straße (street)

Hall effect Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hall effect - Lab Report Example These devices are most commonly used in industries either to calculate the revolutions of a wheel or to evaluate the respective timing of the revolutions. On the other hand, displacement is also encountered with these types of sensors due to their high credibility. The construction of the sensor may differ depending on the applications these devices are used in (New robust hall effect rotary sensor, 2006). When the magnetic field of lines deflects the straight beam of highly charged particles, the bean is deflected due to the magnetic field. In this manner the straight path of the charged particles does not remain straight. In general, a Hall plate has a fixed flow of electrons from the plate in the form of electron beam. However, in the respective magnetic field the beamsn gets deflected due to the magnetic flux and less current flows through the plate. The voltages appear over the positive and negative terminals of the plate are Hall voltages (Zheng and Zhang, 2014). 1. Make the Hall Effect Sensor board by fixing the Hall Effect sensor to the board. After fixing the Hall Effect sensor, mark the board with scaled numeric values with the help of marker and scale. The marking should be as 0 mm at null position, (where the head of the Hall Effect sensor is there) and with the intervals of 20 mm. The highest marked number should be 160mm. Carefully select the scale and mark appropriately and clearly. 3. Connect the probe of the Hall Effect Sensor to the Signal processing unit. Connect the probes of the Digital DC voltmeter to the output measurement of signal processing unit. Use 0 to 1 volt setting at the Signal Processing unit to calculate output. Use the 100mT setting. Turn the zero dial all the way to the left before you begin. In the experiment, it is quite clear that as the magnetic field goes away from the Hall Effect Sensor, the voltage signal gains strength. However, a little difference is evaluated as the magnetic field crosses 160mm on

Business decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business decision making - Essay Example The study will also put into consideration the sales value of the organization and factors affecting sales by use of graphs. In addition, measure of performance of the organization will be of much concern and various methods will be used. Some of those methods include; mean, mode, median, standard deviation, Variance, correlation coefficient, rage and Net present value methods. 1.1) Primary data usually gives firsthand information about the target market. When coming up with a plan for the following should be considered; research method, contact methods, sampling plan and research techniques and instruments. These methods of collecting data differ from those of secondary methods. In primary research a clear plan of contacting people who will participate will be decided on. This may include the use of phone interviews online surveys and other mediums to find out customer preferences from prospect customers. The sampling plan will involve taking into consideration the size of the sample to be used. The research instruments will involve the use of questionnaires (Boswell, Boswell, and Cannon, 2014). The use of secondary data will involve using data that has been already documented. These data may be useful because a comparison of similar organization in the industry may be used in forecasting sales (Kothari, 2005). Collecting primary data has advantages over secondary data because they are fresh, precise and are related to the issue of concern. Secondary data may be outdated thus may give wrong projections, may contain errors, may not be easily accessible and might be of low quality (Mooi, and Sarstedt, 2011). 1.2) The sampling frame refers to the target group which researchers can use to make selections. It contains a comprehensive and updated list of the members of the population involved in the research. There are various methods which can be used for sampling. They can be classified into two main categories which includes

The Effectiveness of Knowledge Management In Organizations Literature review

The Effectiveness of Knowledge Management In Organizations - Literature review Example This report stresses that the globalized business environment is featured with the fast changing business condition, high production, flexible organizational structure, information and communication technology, market liberalization and partnership development. With the changes in the environment, the intensity of competition is sharpened in the market. Therefore the companies are forced to develop and implement new strategies for improving the functionality and quality of the products in order to survive in the market. This paper makes a conclusion that the application of knowledge management is very critical and difficult to be implemented and also it is very time consuming. But the advantages and its contribution in the present world has replaced its limitations or disadvantages. Every organization is required to adopt the concept of knowledge management in their organization for its workers or employees. Knowledge management contributes significantly towards the growth and development of the organization. The organizations are expected to recruit skill and knowledgeable employees in their organization, since the inability or inefficiency of the workers in the company may affect the productivity or performance of the whole organization or entity. Knowledge management through the learning, strategy and information technology influenced positively the organizational performance in terms of its return on investment for achieving its long term as well as short term goals of the organization. It has a strong affect on the productivity of the organization.

Success of small farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Success of small farm - Essay Example The paper will also suggest regarding the significance of the concept of economies of scale. To begin, as much as organic farming has gained a promising market niche over the years, there are numerous challenges facing the small and medium growers. While this has been valid for a few producers, many small farmers have likewise experienced significant difficulties regarding marketing and selling their products. While rivalry from bigger producers is obviously an essential component, past examination led by the California Institute for Rural Studies has documented a scope of extra marketing difficulties confronting little and moderate sized organic cultivators. This examination tried to acquire in depth data about these difficulties through meetings and surveys with producers, purchasers and specialists acquainted with the organic sector. Secondly, in microeconomics, economies of scale are the expense points of interest that firms earn because of size of operation and yield, with expense every unit of yield for the most part decreasing with the growing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of yield. Many people support local food and it is creating a vibrant new economic laboratory for the organic farmers in America. Probably, the results are enormous in terms of the increasing demand for small-scale organic farming by focusing on dollars as a reworking of old models regarding how farmers get financed and their produce marketed. Finally, issues particularly influencing organic farmers incorporated the development of the organic farming sector, authorization and rivalry with different other large farmers selling the same produce. Successful small-scale organic farmers are using a system of quality-based advertising to address these difficulties. They are laying much emphasis on the qualities that make their farms extraordinary and are competing on these qualities, as opposed to low

Preliminary steps toward oral presentation Essay

Preliminary steps toward oral presentation - Essay Example At last, the author decides to wake up despite the weather being cold with little to do. The poet decides to make much out of the bad weather. Margaret Atwood, the author of the poem, was born in Canada (Atwood 1). This piece of bibliographic information about her is relevant in the poem because the country experiences the winter season, just as she describes it in the poem, which is very cold and people have to stay indoors and heat their houses to keep warm. On the other hand, Atwood has been associated with Mary Webster who despite having been sentenced to death for witchcraft was able to escape for a second time with the noose. This kind of resilience is what Atwood advocates for in the poem by emphasizing that regardless of what one is going through, he or she should not despair. The poet uses a metaphor â€Å"† at the beginning of the poem in describing the winter season. Largely, the poem is organized around this description. The metaphor means that during the winter season not much is going around except staying indoors and engaging in simple activities that one can perform without having to go out. For instance, the poet is still asleep with the cat keeping indoors despite the other cat trying to have it get out. On the other hand, people have to stay in the house and heat the house to keep warm, while the poet says that she longs for French fries. Diction is essential in poetry as the selection of words in a piece of work can express action, feeling, or attitude. For instance, the poet uses words such as â€Å"wise hominids† instead of human being to stress the fact that although human beings are wise, sometimes they cannot do sensible thing. It indicates the level of disappointment that the poet has in people. The poet also uses a word such as pollution instead of smoke to indicate the level at which desperation can cause more harm than good. In terms of syntax, the poet changes violates the

Exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam 2 - Essay Example This particular approach is useful to understand due to fact that it has often been referred to as the primal case of the ends justifying the means. This is of course due to the fact that happiness or utility cannot be determined until the action or actions that are intended to evoke such a utility had been performed and can be measured. Many within the field of philosophy have noted that utilitarianism, perhaps more than any other approach, is quantitative and can oftentimes be referred to as reductionist with regards to its approach. This is due to the fact that the ends – means approach requires the individual to be completely and entirely cognizant of the fact that utilitarianism, if used as an overarching theory, must necessarily factor in all of the preceding actions and determinants that lead to whatever utilitarianism does in question. The ongoing debate then necessarily hinges upon the degree of inference and emphasis which should be placed upon the consequences of th e determinant actions that yield the end result. Similarly, with regards to John Stuart Mill’s quote, â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a full satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the questions. The other party to the comparison knows both sides†, the reader can note the utilitarian concept being utilized with respect to the way in which Mill views the ultimate end. Whereas it is previously been discussed that happiness fulfills the ultimate end of utilitarianism, according to mills quote, the reader can understand that the true end that she seeks to remote is awareness and intellect. Accordingly, he compares and contrasts the utility of being satisfied versus unsatisfied, the utility of being a man or a pig, and lastly the utility and overall importance of opinion. 2 According to Kant’s theory of retributiv ism, this is an approach that society should take with regards to its response to crime. According to Kant, the theory places punishment proportionate to the crime. Although this may not seem as an earth shattering theory, this is only due to the fact that the current criminal justice system seeks to integrate a very large degree of Kant’s theory of retributivism into the way in which crime is currently punished. Ultimately, the theory is predicated upon the understanding of forfeiture. Accordingly, this forfeiture is most commonly understood with regards to the freedom of mobility for life that is sometimes required of the convicted. Furthermore, the reader can and should understand that Kant’s understanding of retributivism bears a direct correlation to the common expression †let the punishment that the crime†. In such a way, Kant sought to remove the level of emotional response/knee jerk reaction that is so oftentimes the response to crime and punishment within society. Although it may be tempting to assume that Kant was the first to put forward such a theory, the fact of the matter is is that he was merely the first to define it with an identifiable term. Ultimately, this fear he can be traced all the way back to the biblical interpretation of â€Å"life for life, eye for eye† etc. at its very core, this theory of retributivism engenders a degree of proportionality. As such, it is the responsibility of the punishing entity to ensure that the punishment for the crime is proportionate to the offending behavior that precipitated it. Naturally, such

Preliminary steps toward oral presentation Essay

Preliminary steps toward oral presentation - Essay Example At last, the author decides to wake up despite the weather being cold with little to do. The poet decides to make much out of the bad weather. Margaret Atwood, the author of the poem, was born in Canada (Atwood 1). This piece of bibliographic information about her is relevant in the poem because the country experiences the winter season, just as she describes it in the poem, which is very cold and people have to stay indoors and heat their houses to keep warm. On the other hand, Atwood has been associated with Mary Webster who despite having been sentenced to death for witchcraft was able to escape for a second time with the noose. This kind of resilience is what Atwood advocates for in the poem by emphasizing that regardless of what one is going through, he or she should not despair. The poet uses a metaphor â€Å"† at the beginning of the poem in describing the winter season. Largely, the poem is organized around this description. The metaphor means that during the winter season not much is going around except staying indoors and engaging in simple activities that one can perform without having to go out. For instance, the poet is still asleep with the cat keeping indoors despite the other cat trying to have it get out. On the other hand, people have to stay in the house and heat the house to keep warm, while the poet says that she longs for French fries. Diction is essential in poetry as the selection of words in a piece of work can express action, feeling, or attitude. For instance, the poet uses words such as â€Å"wise hominids† instead of human being to stress the fact that although human beings are wise, sometimes they cannot do sensible thing. It indicates the level of disappointment that the poet has in people. The poet also uses a word such as pollution instead of smoke to indicate the level at which desperation can cause more harm than good. In terms of syntax, the poet changes violates the

Analysis Strategy of an Organization from Strategic Intent and Stretch Essay

Analysis Strategy of an Organization from Strategic Intent and Stretch Perspective - Essay Example The present discussion revolves around, the IT giant, Accenture’s strategy and its execution. Porter’s studies and contribution towards gaining an understanding and insight into strategy is regarded as highly valuable in contemporary management, and have paved way to the emergence of many businesses that have reached their pinnacle and have managed to stay there; one of them being Accenture. Porter’s studies have identified five main forces of industry competition, which can be used as the core guide to business management. Porter (2008) ascertains that the industry structure drives competition and profitability irrespective of the age of the business, policies or technology used. This, in other words, accounts for strategy adopted by the industry or business to enter the market, grow and sustain its position. Precisely, strategies help organisations to be focused towards their goals. Accenture is a global organisation that deals with and provides services in con sulting, technology and outsourcing, with about 246,000 employees in more than 100 countries. Its strategy is to become the world’s leading company in the field of consulting, technology and outsourcing by delivering high performance.... they claim, is more often achieved by imitating or copying competitors’ practices and also sometimes partnering with competitors in some way or other to share the profits. They also identified that many businesses actually adopted practices that were beyond mere replication of existing strategies and such businesses not only succeeded but also reached far fledged horizons. A good lesson for most of the businesses worldwide, this approach has indeed opened up new ways of looking at business and management. Hamel and Prahalad (1989) refer to this approach or attitude as the ‘strategic intent,’ which also indicates a specific approach to all strategy formulation and implementation that will help in treading ahead in the chosen field of industry. Accenture’s mission to become the world’s leading company by delivering high performance can be considered as its strategic intent. Harfield’s (1998) study challenged Porter’s approach to strategy and strategic management claiming the latter’s concept to be more of a myth. His study on strategic management based on the linear, adaptive and interpretative approaches provides multidimensional view to strategic management. Overall, this extensive study credits Porter for his contribution and on the other hand also claims strategic management to be much more complicated as well as resourceful, which modern management specialists can use for further construction. This anticipated potential gives rise to the concept of strategic intent, which is realized by leaders that really wish to align the actions and beliefs of all employees of an organisation towards one common challenging goal; Smith (1994, p.66) refers to such leadership attitude as the ‘Merlin Factor.’ Strategic intent is a by-product of strategic

Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture

Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture Introduction The aim of this research is to investigate and further analyse those key factors which affect the buyer behaviour in Arabs and especially as health is the basic need of every human being, considering every aspect of the society never promote any uneven deal in regard to health issues. In this research it will explore and investigate that during in such environment and understanding the cultural, religious etc. of the Arab different societies their choice of health care means when they are coming abroad for advance and equipped treatment, before what factors an Arab patient consider. Arab culture is basically composed on Islam, and their culture is a full translation of Islam. Culture is a Latin word â€Å"cultura† which means improvement of the soil and total transformation of the nature. The valid and modern meaning of culture is designation of spiritual development and upbringing. Culture most authentic definition is in most common sense that culture is the spiritual perfection and human development. Culture understanding is mainly concern with sprit and spiritual power. Culture is the spirit and a valid identity of a nation. Every nation has its own culture and this culture is playing a vital role in the building of a healthy society. Because every society has its own culture that characterises it. Every society has some beliefs and these beliefs are strictly followed by every person of existing society. Arabs are mainly 22 different countries with different culture and different sects and religion, their common language is Arabic with a few other dialects. Arabs are mainly divided like 10 countries in Africa and 12 in Asia, according to UNDP report 1993 its total population is 230 million in 22 different countries, representing in majority Muslim and in minority Christian and Jewish. Arabs are mainly living in joint family system; every person is more dependent on each and every person. They respect each and every person and especially the elders and give them proper attention due to their age and experience, and always play a vital role in making any decision. Arabs always consider and never cross the boundaries of Islam, and their belief is very strong in God, it is a strong belief that every happiness and sorrow is from God. A very common and with a strong belief that when any uneven or a good thing happen, it is consider that it is the fortune which born with him and a divine from God. The key factors which influence the buyer behaviour in Arab are culture, social, personal and psychological factors. In Arab society there is joint family system and an individual person is not free in its decision, because its all family are more concern about taking in decision and more extent its choice is influenced by the family, culture and personal and psychological factors i.e. its beliefs (religion), perception, motivation and learning. These are the key factors which influence the consumer buying power, in such a situation how an Arab then goes to select a health service in his country or abroad which satisfy his all factors i.e. its religion, culture and social. Reason for Choosing this Topic: Reason for choosing this topic is mainly relevant to my experience in marketing field, being more involved and studied a lot about the history of Arabs and interest in marketing field, also Arab is the new emerging market for business thats why I am optimistic that this theses will enhance my abilities and give a strength to my career in the chosen field. I personally worked in a tobacco company â€Å"WTD PAKISTAN† for more than three years and counted as consumer based company because it is mainly based on tobacco selling products. That why it becomes a solid and main reason for choosing this topic. Moreover with my personal experience and after reviewing literature, that different countries have different lifestyle, culture, different approaches in making decisions, different choices and different taste and different level of satisfaction. It seems interesting to me for research and enhance my capability in marketing. This topic is providing a broad/vast analysis to underlin e the key factors which influence the buyer power of buying because it is thoroughly proved from lot of theories and researches that consumer/ buyer all over the world has certain level of satisfaction, which is disturb by some factors existing in its surrounding environment. To evaluate these influences by considering academic resources, online journals and literature from authentic resources will enhance my knowledge and capabilities to do a better job in my real life. Literature Review:- Literature review is playing a vital role in completing of dissertation chosen and moreover will help me in completing my final dissertation has significant importance to complete my dissertation topic and ultimately to help me in completing my final dissertation. So in this context, some introductory literature review has been brought forward which have helped me in finalising my research topic and questions to be investigated. Moreover the essential and sufficient material for my chosen research topic review of literature, journals current articles from the authentic resources (magazines, newspaper) and academic books will give me help me in completing my task. International marketing: According to (Burca. D. C, 2004) that international marketing is the process of planning and undertaking transactions across national boundaries that involves exchange. The above statement gives an idea about the international marketing that it provides a platform for business across the boundaries or between different countries, and these businesses between different countries are under some rules and regulation. When the transaction takes place across national boundaries then the international marketers are subjected to different set of macro environmental factors and constrain deriving from different political system, legal frame work, cultural norms, and economic circumstances. Marketing is basically concern with exporting of products or services e.g. it very common that purchasing a chair from IKEA but in reality it will be imported from other countries or it parts will be export from other country but assembled in UK. Same if it is brought under discussion like computer and is accessories so it is clear those materials comes from India and software comes from china or Japan and product assembled in UK or other European countries. This idea of global import or exchange nourish in the shadow of international marketing, because international marketing introduce such rules and regulation for international marketer like licensing to joint ventures and contracts between two parties. According to (Sargeant. A, et al, 2002) that marketing is all about marshalling the resources of an organisation to meet the changing needs of customers on whom the organisation depends. Simply it will be quoted as marketing is all about how an organisation addresses its marketers. Customers needs are the starting point for marketing activity. Then the marketing manager tries to identify those needs and develop product or service, which satisfy customer needs through an exchange process. According to chartered institute of marketing that marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitability. According to (Shaughnessy. O. J, 1995) that marketing covers those activities that relate the organisation to those parts of the outside world that use, buy, sell or influence the outputs it produces and the benefits and services it offers. Simply marketing is the debate in organisation is what to offer, to whom, when, where, how, and for how much. Concept of marketing: Globalisation of goods and services created more opportunities for the customers to choose among the products. But customer expectations from the product or service in the available market are higher, because they paid the asked price for the service or product. It is the main duty of company that before launching any product or service they understand the needs of consumers in the market. When a company understand the expectation and needs of consumer by providing a product or service which meets the need of customer than marketer can develop a successful marketing strategy for the target market. Customers: A customer is generally understood the person who make the decision to buy a product or service, which pays for it. The product or service purchased by one person but consume by another person. So it is clear that customer and consumer will be same person. The terminology can imply something about the relationship between a company and its customer. Different customers within a market have different needs, which they seek to satisfy. To be fully marketing oriented a company needs to provide a product or service in the market which meet the needs of each individual. For this purpose they positioned their product or service in the markets which meet the need of that group. Needs: It is referred to something deep rooted in an individual personality. The satisfaction of need is conditioned by cultural values of the society from which they belong. In some culture needs for self fulfilment may be satisfied by religious penance, while in other societys needs may be satisfied by creative talent. According to Maslows theory that customer are motivated by their desire to satisfy complex needs. It is also recognised that once an individual have satisfied basic physiological needs, then they may be motivated by higher order social and self fulfilment needs. Value: It is a ratio of perceived benefits to price paid. Customer will evaluate benefits according to the extent to which a product allows their needs to be satisfied. Customers also evaluate the benefits of products compared to the benefits of other products placed competitively in the market. Consumer places a value on a product or service which is different from the value presumed by supplier. Value can be added by better specifying a product offer in accordance with customer expectation. If the price of a product or service is set higher it will affect its sale. If the price is set low it will increase its sale but affect its profit. Exchange: it is a way through which goods and services to be acquired. It implies that one party makes some sacrifices to another party in return to receive something of value. Other party expect same something of value. In market based economies there is a presumption that each party can decide whether or not to enter into an exchange with each other. Each party is also free to choose between a numbers of potential partners. Basically exchange takes the form of a product being exchanged for money. Market: the term market has traditionally been used â€Å"a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange goods or services†. Market simpler and of value definition is that it is the interaction between buyers and sellers. Marketing Mix: It is very important for the marketers to consider the marketing mix before launching any product or service. It provides a great deal of knowledge about the operating market and then how, where and to whom the product should be target in the market. Product: product is the main source by which an organisation satisfy customer or consumer needs. Product offered by an organisation is tangible or intangible in nature must satisfy the needs of potential customer. The elements of product mix are quality levels, styling, special design features, durability, packaging, range of sizes or options, warranties, after sales service and brand images which is controlled by marketers. Pricing: it is a critical element and determines the revenue that will be generated. Setting prices is a difficult part of marketing mix. Prices are determined by the interaction of market forces. Marketers set prices for individual products on the basis of what they cost to produce, what the competition is charging and what customer are prepared to pay. Price decision also involve deciding on the relationship between prices charged for different products within a firms range and decision about the price strategy over time. Place: it plays a very important role in decision making, Choice of right place for product or service to be launched. Customers mostly prefer to buy the product or service from the nearest distributor. Organisation right decision of place provides an opportunity to customers to gain access to its products and services easily. Promotion: promotion is a best source of communication for marketers to highlight or communicate the benefits of their product and service to their target market. Promotion can be used by different methods like advertising, personal selling, public relation, sales promotion, sponsorship and by direct marketing method. Promotion method should be not the same in every culture. It will be different according to the requirement of different culture where an organisation operates. Fundamentals of marketing: According to (Dwyer. F. R, et al, 1987) states that identification and satisfaction of consumer needs by providing a product or service of value to fulfil the consumer expectation by developing a proper marketing plan or strategy. It is necessary for marketing managers to understand the position of their organisation. The marketing managers always plan and develop strategies for launching their product or service in market, before they should know about the position of their product or service in the market and factors which makes their product attractive and of value to the consumers. According to (Kasper, 2001) that it is very important for an organisation to know when, where and how the consumer thinks that their product or service is different from other potential and current competitors in the market. Porters strategy of differentiation gives knowledge to an organisation that how they are different from their competitors. Organisation must identify the customer orientation before developing its marketing strategy. Benchmarking of customer, organisation and competitors in market are the key function of marketing, such a benchmarking move them to decide a differentiation strategy. Elements of marketing fundamentals: Customer orientation: It is very necessary for an organisation to understand in depth its target buyers, then develop or produce a product or service of high or superior value/ quality to fulfil the needs of customers. Customers are the only source who can accept or reject the product value or feedback from consumer is the absolute source for an organisation to know the value and position of their product in the market and among competitors. Customer orientation requires that a company understand not only the present value to the customer, but also how this is likely to evolve over time. Competitor Orientation: when an organisation focusing on its customers, so it is also necessary for an organisation to look that how a competitor is satisfying its consumer needs. An organisation needs to understand the short term strengths and weaknesses and long term capabilities and strategies of current and potential competitors in the operated market. Interfunctional co- ordination: It is very important for marketing managers to develop marketing plan, which not only give promise to customers and marketing staff. But the marketing plans only develop for creating value products and services. Marketing orientation needs to draw upon and integrate its human and physical resources effectively and adapt them to meet customers needs. Customers always pay attention that what an organisation is offering in the market which completely satisfies the expectation of consumers; product or service which satisfies the customer expectation must be of value. And when customer satisfies from the outcome of product or service it directly produces more chances of repeat business and dissatisfaction may lead to failure and negative experience which may limit the business of such an organisation. Factors influencing buyer behaviour: According to Usunier (2000) that before purchasing there is no concept of seeing, smelling and touching. This gives an idea about the shape, colour and space during the purchase in some cultures. In the case of healthcare, when someone is buying healthcare he looks to certain points by knowing that purchasing a product will be not same to purchase a service. In case of healthcare there is no guarantee that an individual will get optimistic benefits. The healthcare provider must provide in the market of healthcare some reasonable and attractive, competitive and consumer encouraging packages which attract the consumer to buy their packages like price, advance treatment, accommodation and high and quick service. It encourages the consumer that they are receiving the very best and high quality service available in the healthcare market. Todays world is a hub of marketing and in every sector there is a trend of competition every organisation is trying to capture more market share by launching more consumers attractive packages, to promote and encourage their own product and service. Devetags model (1999) of consumer behaviour This model is basically represent the industrial and corporate change is only brought here under discussion for the process of making decision and influences on the consumer behaviour in case of buying health care. This model represents the different products or services and provides the grounds to the consumer to choose the product or service. Devetags model provides grounds for the consumer to choose between products â€Å"A† United Kingdom and products â€Å"B† (Home country) or other countries products or services in the market. Product â€Å"A† is a superior and expensive quality but product â€Å"B† is also compete the market with superior quality. Devetags model (1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  In the above Devetags model quality is expressed on y-axis and convenience (price) is expressed on x-axis. In the above diagram product â€Å"A† is competing product â€Å"B†. And the value of product â€Å"A† among the consumer is more than product â€Å"B†, the one reason of choosing product â€Å"A† of superior quality and high price is because the consumer thinks that â€Å"Give something and get something of value† is clear that when consumer decide to purchase a product or service then he expect that the chosen product or service will satisfy his needs. Product â€Å"A† has a good reputation in the market due to its quality and price, which makes the minds of consumers, that the product is reliable and meets the requirements of consumers. But in the competition of product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† product â€Å"C† also exist in the market, shown in the diagram inside the box. Product â€Å"C† d ominated by â€Å"B†, which is inferior to â€Å"B† in case of price and quality but still cannot attract more consumer compare product â€Å"A†. Product â€Å"A† demand among the consumers is due to proper advertisement and reputation in the healthcare market. It is clear that in case of health care industry consumer always search the market where they can attain quality product or service at reasonable price. This model is best suitable for decision making and to count the influences on consumer behaviour, because this model highlights psychology of consumer that how consumer choose the product or service among the different available products and services in the market, and how consumer gauge the quality of product or service and underline the importance of chosen product and then purchased it. According to (Pekkala et al, 1983) that a reliable product needs to be introduce and advertise in the intended market before launching. It means that the product or service needs proper market segmentation, and also advertisement in the relevant business environment. It is compulsory that the marketers appreciate the culture of a country in which he operates. It is clear from the above statement that culture should be consider when ever providing a service or product in the market of a country. Because culture plays an important role in promoting the product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† which attract more consumer all over the world because product â€Å"A† is acceptable to the people of a country in which he operates. It clears that before launching or introducing any product or service the cultural values of a country should be considered. According to Economist (2009) that NHS chief David Nicholson is planning to introduce improvement in the efficiency and productivity of NHS on larger scale. In coming 2013 NHS budget 15% of wealth will be spent on health care services in the UK to fulfil the rising demand with best suitable resources, thus the NHS will be consumer attractive organization in the world market, will play a role model in the health care industry of world. NHS is from long years a cheap compare to America and other developed European countries. NHS provides a standard service at low cost, and this is happening only due to the effort of General practitioners (GPs). But health care in other countries like Denmark and Netherland is more expensive and physician are act as gatekeeper, means that health buyer never goes for treatment due to high price and low quality. In the above Devetags model UK NHS will be awarded as product â€Å"A† due to high quality and reasonable price, and planning for the future and spending more money on the health sector will enhance their share in the market, more consumers will attain NHS. Arabs comes to United Kingdom due to the high quality service like able and experienced doctors, equipped and up to date laboratories and due to recent researches in the medical sciences, on reasonable prices treatment attract more Arabs health consumer to get benefit from the UK health industry. Due to the proper advertisement and promotion in the market, introduced by the UK health care industry marketers attract more Arabs patients because they are more vulnerable and easily attract towards the available services. Cultural influences on consumer behaviour: According to Tylor (1913) that â€Å"culture is complex and interrelated set of elements, comprising knowledge, beliefs and values, arts, law, manners and morals and all other kinds of skills and habits acquired by a human being as a member of a particular society†. It is clear from the above statement of Tylor that culture is not composed on one thing but it is a set of elements already exist in a society, and every society is mainly composed on the beliefs and values (religion) of people living, attitude, habitat, architecture and adopted rules and regulation to survive in the society. Ralph Linton (1945) describe the culture as it is the configuration of learned behaviour and results of behaviour whose components elements are shared and transmitted by the particular society, furthermore he indicates the limits of the cultural programming which the society can impose on the individual. Ralph Linton describe the culture more simply that culture is the learning process which result in changes in the behaviour of an individual living in a society, it transmitted from parents to offspring in a very conventional way with its limitation, because every society has cultural limits, compulsory for every individual to obey it. According to Hofstede (1998) that consumer behaviour is cultural dependant. These all above definition provides a broader concept of culture that culture is basically name of shared values developed in particular environment, it gives an idea that one culture is not superior to another culture but may be different due to beliefs and values, knowledge, arts, law, manners and morals, habitat and skills. It is now easier to understand a culture of particular country society, and due to the globalisation of products and services and to provide the equal opportunities to the world population to get benefit from these globalised product or service it necessary to introduce the acceptable marketing and advertising strategies globally. Because one uniform marketing and advertisement strategy is not appropriate as whole, it is evident that marketing and advertisement strategy for West is never works in the Middle East due to their cultural restriction. According to De Mooji (1997) that products are globalised but people are not globalised, products are accepted in more than one culture due to different and appropriate advertising strategy. Language, concept, number, colour, space and humour are constant among cultures; they are not changeable among cultures. Communication: According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that communication plays a vital role in conveying the message among the global marketers, and consider as reflection of a culture. There is a difference between countries verbal communication due to the adapted culture and verbal communication is different from one culture to another, it is not different in term of language but also in term of variables like who, what, how, where, when, and why. Communication may be verbal or non verbal having same importance in conveying the message to the recipient in term when a marketer satisfy a consumer. According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that due to cultural differences people are more likely to communicate with each other without any problem and this fluency in the communication is due to hierarchy, status consciousness, behaviour and other factors which plays the role of gatekeepers. The different method of communication and its uses were brought under discussion, how the message is communicated, which channel is used for this communication e.g. spoken or written etc. and it depends on the availability of channels in the cultures and factors are speed, formality, legality and seniority. Another factor is whether message should be communicated, to know the right authority to which the message will be communicated, and also the time schedule for the communication and the meaning and purpose of communication. Body language has different meaning in different cultures, like feet gesture in west society is consider as attention but in Arabs it is an insult and facial gesture is mos t commonly noticed in the West culture as emotion, happiness and embarrassment but in Arabs culture it is consider as embarrassment and not used for the expression of desire. According to (Morris, 1997) that non verbal communication is not strange when dealing in different cultures, because this section deals with signals and from these received signals one will understand what the other person is conveying him and then to judge to understand the language of these signals and then make its own assumption to believe or trust on whom. Non verbal communication deals with body stress signals e.g. perspiration and licking of lips etc. and lower body signals like foot tapping, frequent crossing and uncrossing of knees etc. and body posture signals are used for boredom like body sagging and slumping, body gesture like movements of hands and facial expression are also used for non verbal communication. Mead (1993) stated that culture and religion is an essential part of lives of the people in every society, and it is compulsory for the health care provider to understand and know the culture and religion of the patient. According to Galanti (1991) that most cultures shares same beliefs, values and practices, it is necessary for health care provider to treat a patient as a family unit not as individual by creating psychological, spiritual and environment of physical needs. Sign and symbols: According to (Unsunier, 1993) that interpretation of symbols is strongly culture bound. The above statement of Unsunier Clearly describe that in every culture they use sign and symbols as a source of communication. This statement provides understanding about the cultural signs and symbols that every culture use very strongly sign and symbols as a source of communication. According to (Goffman, 1963) that headscarf is a symbol of normative cultural values and social relations of class and power that determine our perception. It communicates the individual and collective motivation of those who adopt it, as much as perception that rejects it. The symbol of headscarf makes sense as a language of relationship between those who asset their orientation towards values of Islam and those social classes that owe their status to normative values of modernity, such as equality and liberty. It further argues that stigma refers to individual sign; socially information and individual transmit about himself that disqualifies him and creates an obstacle to being fully accepted by society. In west colours are more used as sign and symbols like black colour is used for mourning while white colour is used in most of Muslim societies as religious and partially used as mourning colour. Red colour is used as symbol of tragedy and warning. In case of numbers 13 is symbol of bad luck in UK and this number is avoid in any department for numbering purpose e.g. no bed is marked in hospital with 13 etc. in Japan 4, Asia 555 and in china and some other countries 7 is consider bad luck numbers. In Pakistan crow and black dog is consider as symbol of bad luck, in India owl, UK black cat and in Japan fox is a symbol of bad luck. It is evident from the above discussion that sign and symbol is a strong source of communication, and always it is necessary for marketers to consider these sign and symbols which rejects by a culture in providing any product or service. Imagery: Images from very beginning plays a vital role in conveying the messages. In marketing pictures are used as strong source of communication and by this the marketers captured more market shares in the market for their own product. Marketers use pictures for the advertisement of a product or service, but it will be acceptable in one culture but may bring disaster in other society. Comparing West culture and Arab, in West culture the advertisement of bra by a naked woman is consider as a routine and essential for advertisement and attract more consumers to buy the product. But in Arabs it will be completely different, it is also true that Arab women are wearing bras but the advertisement strategy for Arabs will be completely different compared to West. It is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about the culture and religion of Arabs. According to (Keegan et al, 1989) that cultural value always plays a vital role on the consumer behaviour and having defined and always gained a considerable attention in marketing, and also its influences on marketing strategy are well presented. It is clear from the above theory that culture is always playing a role in influencing the consumer behaviour, because every society is composed on define culture and every culture has its own values, which may need to be considered during any decision making, needs proper attention during choosing any product/service. For marketers to advertise or promote and introduce a product or service in a specified market, they need to consider the cultural values of the country where they operate. According to (Usunier, 1993) that customer are different in each country, marketers must consider them, and by considering the values, attitudes and tastes between cultures may help in satisfaction of customer. The above theory states that to avoid the influences on consumer behaviour, it is very compulsory to consider the different customer satisfaction. It is also evident Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture Introduction The aim of this research is to investigate and further analyse those key factors which affect the buyer behaviour in Arabs and especially as health is the basic need of every human being, considering every aspect of the society never promote any uneven deal in regard to health issues. In this research it will explore and investigate that during in such environment and understanding the cultural, religious etc. of the Arab different societies their choice of health care means when they are coming abroad for advance and equipped treatment, before what factors an Arab patient consider. Arab culture is basically composed on Islam, and their culture is a full translation of Islam. Culture is a Latin word â€Å"cultura† which means improvement of the soil and total transformation of the nature. The valid and modern meaning of culture is designation of spiritual development and upbringing. Culture most authentic definition is in most common sense that culture is the spiritual perfection and human development. Culture understanding is mainly concern with sprit and spiritual power. Culture is the spirit and a valid identity of a nation. Every nation has its own culture and this culture is playing a vital role in the building of a healthy society. Because every society has its own culture that characterises it. Every society has some beliefs and these beliefs are strictly followed by every person of existing society. Arabs are mainly 22 different countries with different culture and different sects and religion, their common language is Arabic with a few other dialects. Arabs are mainly divided like 10 countries in Africa and 12 in Asia, according to UNDP report 1993 its total population is 230 million in 22 different countries, representing in majority Muslim and in minority Christian and Jewish. Arabs are mainly living in joint family system; every person is more dependent on each and every person. They respect each and every person and especially the elders and give them proper attention due to their age and experience, and always play a vital role in making any decision. Arabs always consider and never cross the boundaries of Islam, and their belief is very strong in God, it is a strong belief that every happiness and sorrow is from God. A very common and with a strong belief that when any uneven or a good thing happen, it is consider that it is the fortune which born with him and a divine from God. The key factors which influence the buyer behaviour in Arab are culture, social, personal and psychological factors. In Arab society there is joint family system and an individual person is not free in its decision, because its all family are more concern about taking in decision and more extent its choice is influenced by the family, culture and personal and psychological factors i.e. its beliefs (religion), perception, motivation and learning. These are the key factors which influence the consumer buying power, in such a situation how an Arab then goes to select a health service in his country or abroad which satisfy his all factors i.e. its religion, culture and social. Reason for Choosing this Topic: Reason for choosing this topic is mainly relevant to my experience in marketing field, being more involved and studied a lot about the history of Arabs and interest in marketing field, also Arab is the new emerging market for business thats why I am optimistic that this theses will enhance my abilities and give a strength to my career in the chosen field. I personally worked in a tobacco company â€Å"WTD PAKISTAN† for more than three years and counted as consumer based company because it is mainly based on tobacco selling products. That why it becomes a solid and main reason for choosing this topic. Moreover with my personal experience and after reviewing literature, that different countries have different lifestyle, culture, different approaches in making decisions, different choices and different taste and different level of satisfaction. It seems interesting to me for research and enhance my capability in marketing. This topic is providing a broad/vast analysis to underlin e the key factors which influence the buyer power of buying because it is thoroughly proved from lot of theories and researches that consumer/ buyer all over the world has certain level of satisfaction, which is disturb by some factors existing in its surrounding environment. To evaluate these influences by considering academic resources, online journals and literature from authentic resources will enhance my knowledge and capabilities to do a better job in my real life. Literature Review:- Literature review is playing a vital role in completing of dissertation chosen and moreover will help me in completing my final dissertation has significant importance to complete my dissertation topic and ultimately to help me in completing my final dissertation. So in this context, some introductory literature review has been brought forward which have helped me in finalising my research topic and questions to be investigated. Moreover the essential and sufficient material for my chosen research topic review of literature, journals current articles from the authentic resources (magazines, newspaper) and academic books will give me help me in completing my task. International marketing: According to (Burca. D. C, 2004) that international marketing is the process of planning and undertaking transactions across national boundaries that involves exchange. The above statement gives an idea about the international marketing that it provides a platform for business across the boundaries or between different countries, and these businesses between different countries are under some rules and regulation. When the transaction takes place across national boundaries then the international marketers are subjected to different set of macro environmental factors and constrain deriving from different political system, legal frame work, cultural norms, and economic circumstances. Marketing is basically concern with exporting of products or services e.g. it very common that purchasing a chair from IKEA but in reality it will be imported from other countries or it parts will be export from other country but assembled in UK. Same if it is brought under discussion like computer and is accessories so it is clear those materials comes from India and software comes from china or Japan and product assembled in UK or other European countries. This idea of global import or exchange nourish in the shadow of international marketing, because international marketing introduce such rules and regulation for international marketer like licensing to joint ventures and contracts between two parties. According to (Sargeant. A, et al, 2002) that marketing is all about marshalling the resources of an organisation to meet the changing needs of customers on whom the organisation depends. Simply it will be quoted as marketing is all about how an organisation addresses its marketers. Customers needs are the starting point for marketing activity. Then the marketing manager tries to identify those needs and develop product or service, which satisfy customer needs through an exchange process. According to chartered institute of marketing that marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitability. According to (Shaughnessy. O. J, 1995) that marketing covers those activities that relate the organisation to those parts of the outside world that use, buy, sell or influence the outputs it produces and the benefits and services it offers. Simply marketing is the debate in organisation is what to offer, to whom, when, where, how, and for how much. Concept of marketing: Globalisation of goods and services created more opportunities for the customers to choose among the products. But customer expectations from the product or service in the available market are higher, because they paid the asked price for the service or product. It is the main duty of company that before launching any product or service they understand the needs of consumers in the market. When a company understand the expectation and needs of consumer by providing a product or service which meets the need of customer than marketer can develop a successful marketing strategy for the target market. Customers: A customer is generally understood the person who make the decision to buy a product or service, which pays for it. The product or service purchased by one person but consume by another person. So it is clear that customer and consumer will be same person. The terminology can imply something about the relationship between a company and its customer. Different customers within a market have different needs, which they seek to satisfy. To be fully marketing oriented a company needs to provide a product or service in the market which meet the needs of each individual. For this purpose they positioned their product or service in the markets which meet the need of that group. Needs: It is referred to something deep rooted in an individual personality. The satisfaction of need is conditioned by cultural values of the society from which they belong. In some culture needs for self fulfilment may be satisfied by religious penance, while in other societys needs may be satisfied by creative talent. According to Maslows theory that customer are motivated by their desire to satisfy complex needs. It is also recognised that once an individual have satisfied basic physiological needs, then they may be motivated by higher order social and self fulfilment needs. Value: It is a ratio of perceived benefits to price paid. Customer will evaluate benefits according to the extent to which a product allows their needs to be satisfied. Customers also evaluate the benefits of products compared to the benefits of other products placed competitively in the market. Consumer places a value on a product or service which is different from the value presumed by supplier. Value can be added by better specifying a product offer in accordance with customer expectation. If the price of a product or service is set higher it will affect its sale. If the price is set low it will increase its sale but affect its profit. Exchange: it is a way through which goods and services to be acquired. It implies that one party makes some sacrifices to another party in return to receive something of value. Other party expect same something of value. In market based economies there is a presumption that each party can decide whether or not to enter into an exchange with each other. Each party is also free to choose between a numbers of potential partners. Basically exchange takes the form of a product being exchanged for money. Market: the term market has traditionally been used â€Å"a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange goods or services†. Market simpler and of value definition is that it is the interaction between buyers and sellers. Marketing Mix: It is very important for the marketers to consider the marketing mix before launching any product or service. It provides a great deal of knowledge about the operating market and then how, where and to whom the product should be target in the market. Product: product is the main source by which an organisation satisfy customer or consumer needs. Product offered by an organisation is tangible or intangible in nature must satisfy the needs of potential customer. The elements of product mix are quality levels, styling, special design features, durability, packaging, range of sizes or options, warranties, after sales service and brand images which is controlled by marketers. Pricing: it is a critical element and determines the revenue that will be generated. Setting prices is a difficult part of marketing mix. Prices are determined by the interaction of market forces. Marketers set prices for individual products on the basis of what they cost to produce, what the competition is charging and what customer are prepared to pay. Price decision also involve deciding on the relationship between prices charged for different products within a firms range and decision about the price strategy over time. Place: it plays a very important role in decision making, Choice of right place for product or service to be launched. Customers mostly prefer to buy the product or service from the nearest distributor. Organisation right decision of place provides an opportunity to customers to gain access to its products and services easily. Promotion: promotion is a best source of communication for marketers to highlight or communicate the benefits of their product and service to their target market. Promotion can be used by different methods like advertising, personal selling, public relation, sales promotion, sponsorship and by direct marketing method. Promotion method should be not the same in every culture. It will be different according to the requirement of different culture where an organisation operates. Fundamentals of marketing: According to (Dwyer. F. R, et al, 1987) states that identification and satisfaction of consumer needs by providing a product or service of value to fulfil the consumer expectation by developing a proper marketing plan or strategy. It is necessary for marketing managers to understand the position of their organisation. The marketing managers always plan and develop strategies for launching their product or service in market, before they should know about the position of their product or service in the market and factors which makes their product attractive and of value to the consumers. According to (Kasper, 2001) that it is very important for an organisation to know when, where and how the consumer thinks that their product or service is different from other potential and current competitors in the market. Porters strategy of differentiation gives knowledge to an organisation that how they are different from their competitors. Organisation must identify the customer orientation before developing its marketing strategy. Benchmarking of customer, organisation and competitors in market are the key function of marketing, such a benchmarking move them to decide a differentiation strategy. Elements of marketing fundamentals: Customer orientation: It is very necessary for an organisation to understand in depth its target buyers, then develop or produce a product or service of high or superior value/ quality to fulfil the needs of customers. Customers are the only source who can accept or reject the product value or feedback from consumer is the absolute source for an organisation to know the value and position of their product in the market and among competitors. Customer orientation requires that a company understand not only the present value to the customer, but also how this is likely to evolve over time. Competitor Orientation: when an organisation focusing on its customers, so it is also necessary for an organisation to look that how a competitor is satisfying its consumer needs. An organisation needs to understand the short term strengths and weaknesses and long term capabilities and strategies of current and potential competitors in the operated market. Interfunctional co- ordination: It is very important for marketing managers to develop marketing plan, which not only give promise to customers and marketing staff. But the marketing plans only develop for creating value products and services. Marketing orientation needs to draw upon and integrate its human and physical resources effectively and adapt them to meet customers needs. Customers always pay attention that what an organisation is offering in the market which completely satisfies the expectation of consumers; product or service which satisfies the customer expectation must be of value. And when customer satisfies from the outcome of product or service it directly produces more chances of repeat business and dissatisfaction may lead to failure and negative experience which may limit the business of such an organisation. Factors influencing buyer behaviour: According to Usunier (2000) that before purchasing there is no concept of seeing, smelling and touching. This gives an idea about the shape, colour and space during the purchase in some cultures. In the case of healthcare, when someone is buying healthcare he looks to certain points by knowing that purchasing a product will be not same to purchase a service. In case of healthcare there is no guarantee that an individual will get optimistic benefits. The healthcare provider must provide in the market of healthcare some reasonable and attractive, competitive and consumer encouraging packages which attract the consumer to buy their packages like price, advance treatment, accommodation and high and quick service. It encourages the consumer that they are receiving the very best and high quality service available in the healthcare market. Todays world is a hub of marketing and in every sector there is a trend of competition every organisation is trying to capture more market share by launching more consumers attractive packages, to promote and encourage their own product and service. Devetags model (1999) of consumer behaviour This model is basically represent the industrial and corporate change is only brought here under discussion for the process of making decision and influences on the consumer behaviour in case of buying health care. This model represents the different products or services and provides the grounds to the consumer to choose the product or service. Devetags model provides grounds for the consumer to choose between products â€Å"A† United Kingdom and products â€Å"B† (Home country) or other countries products or services in the market. Product â€Å"A† is a superior and expensive quality but product â€Å"B† is also compete the market with superior quality. Devetags model (1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  In the above Devetags model quality is expressed on y-axis and convenience (price) is expressed on x-axis. In the above diagram product â€Å"A† is competing product â€Å"B†. And the value of product â€Å"A† among the consumer is more than product â€Å"B†, the one reason of choosing product â€Å"A† of superior quality and high price is because the consumer thinks that â€Å"Give something and get something of value† is clear that when consumer decide to purchase a product or service then he expect that the chosen product or service will satisfy his needs. Product â€Å"A† has a good reputation in the market due to its quality and price, which makes the minds of consumers, that the product is reliable and meets the requirements of consumers. But in the competition of product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† product â€Å"C† also exist in the market, shown in the diagram inside the box. Product â€Å"C† d ominated by â€Å"B†, which is inferior to â€Å"B† in case of price and quality but still cannot attract more consumer compare product â€Å"A†. Product â€Å"A† demand among the consumers is due to proper advertisement and reputation in the healthcare market. It is clear that in case of health care industry consumer always search the market where they can attain quality product or service at reasonable price. This model is best suitable for decision making and to count the influences on consumer behaviour, because this model highlights psychology of consumer that how consumer choose the product or service among the different available products and services in the market, and how consumer gauge the quality of product or service and underline the importance of chosen product and then purchased it. According to (Pekkala et al, 1983) that a reliable product needs to be introduce and advertise in the intended market before launching. It means that the product or service needs proper market segmentation, and also advertisement in the relevant business environment. It is compulsory that the marketers appreciate the culture of a country in which he operates. It is clear from the above statement that culture should be consider when ever providing a service or product in the market of a country. Because culture plays an important role in promoting the product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† which attract more consumer all over the world because product â€Å"A† is acceptable to the people of a country in which he operates. It clears that before launching or introducing any product or service the cultural values of a country should be considered. According to Economist (2009) that NHS chief David Nicholson is planning to introduce improvement in the efficiency and productivity of NHS on larger scale. In coming 2013 NHS budget 15% of wealth will be spent on health care services in the UK to fulfil the rising demand with best suitable resources, thus the NHS will be consumer attractive organization in the world market, will play a role model in the health care industry of world. NHS is from long years a cheap compare to America and other developed European countries. NHS provides a standard service at low cost, and this is happening only due to the effort of General practitioners (GPs). But health care in other countries like Denmark and Netherland is more expensive and physician are act as gatekeeper, means that health buyer never goes for treatment due to high price and low quality. In the above Devetags model UK NHS will be awarded as product â€Å"A† due to high quality and reasonable price, and planning for the future and spending more money on the health sector will enhance their share in the market, more consumers will attain NHS. Arabs comes to United Kingdom due to the high quality service like able and experienced doctors, equipped and up to date laboratories and due to recent researches in the medical sciences, on reasonable prices treatment attract more Arabs health consumer to get benefit from the UK health industry. Due to the proper advertisement and promotion in the market, introduced by the UK health care industry marketers attract more Arabs patients because they are more vulnerable and easily attract towards the available services. Cultural influences on consumer behaviour: According to Tylor (1913) that â€Å"culture is complex and interrelated set of elements, comprising knowledge, beliefs and values, arts, law, manners and morals and all other kinds of skills and habits acquired by a human being as a member of a particular society†. It is clear from the above statement of Tylor that culture is not composed on one thing but it is a set of elements already exist in a society, and every society is mainly composed on the beliefs and values (religion) of people living, attitude, habitat, architecture and adopted rules and regulation to survive in the society. Ralph Linton (1945) describe the culture as it is the configuration of learned behaviour and results of behaviour whose components elements are shared and transmitted by the particular society, furthermore he indicates the limits of the cultural programming which the society can impose on the individual. Ralph Linton describe the culture more simply that culture is the learning process which result in changes in the behaviour of an individual living in a society, it transmitted from parents to offspring in a very conventional way with its limitation, because every society has cultural limits, compulsory for every individual to obey it. According to Hofstede (1998) that consumer behaviour is cultural dependant. These all above definition provides a broader concept of culture that culture is basically name of shared values developed in particular environment, it gives an idea that one culture is not superior to another culture but may be different due to beliefs and values, knowledge, arts, law, manners and morals, habitat and skills. It is now easier to understand a culture of particular country society, and due to the globalisation of products and services and to provide the equal opportunities to the world population to get benefit from these globalised product or service it necessary to introduce the acceptable marketing and advertising strategies globally. Because one uniform marketing and advertisement strategy is not appropriate as whole, it is evident that marketing and advertisement strategy for West is never works in the Middle East due to their cultural restriction. According to De Mooji (1997) that products are globalised but people are not globalised, products are accepted in more than one culture due to different and appropriate advertising strategy. Language, concept, number, colour, space and humour are constant among cultures; they are not changeable among cultures. Communication: According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that communication plays a vital role in conveying the message among the global marketers, and consider as reflection of a culture. There is a difference between countries verbal communication due to the adapted culture and verbal communication is different from one culture to another, it is not different in term of language but also in term of variables like who, what, how, where, when, and why. Communication may be verbal or non verbal having same importance in conveying the message to the recipient in term when a marketer satisfy a consumer. According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that due to cultural differences people are more likely to communicate with each other without any problem and this fluency in the communication is due to hierarchy, status consciousness, behaviour and other factors which plays the role of gatekeepers. The different method of communication and its uses were brought under discussion, how the message is communicated, which channel is used for this communication e.g. spoken or written etc. and it depends on the availability of channels in the cultures and factors are speed, formality, legality and seniority. Another factor is whether message should be communicated, to know the right authority to which the message will be communicated, and also the time schedule for the communication and the meaning and purpose of communication. Body language has different meaning in different cultures, like feet gesture in west society is consider as attention but in Arabs it is an insult and facial gesture is mos t commonly noticed in the West culture as emotion, happiness and embarrassment but in Arabs culture it is consider as embarrassment and not used for the expression of desire. According to (Morris, 1997) that non verbal communication is not strange when dealing in different cultures, because this section deals with signals and from these received signals one will understand what the other person is conveying him and then to judge to understand the language of these signals and then make its own assumption to believe or trust on whom. Non verbal communication deals with body stress signals e.g. perspiration and licking of lips etc. and lower body signals like foot tapping, frequent crossing and uncrossing of knees etc. and body posture signals are used for boredom like body sagging and slumping, body gesture like movements of hands and facial expression are also used for non verbal communication. Mead (1993) stated that culture and religion is an essential part of lives of the people in every society, and it is compulsory for the health care provider to understand and know the culture and religion of the patient. According to Galanti (1991) that most cultures shares same beliefs, values and practices, it is necessary for health care provider to treat a patient as a family unit not as individual by creating psychological, spiritual and environment of physical needs. Sign and symbols: According to (Unsunier, 1993) that interpretation of symbols is strongly culture bound. The above statement of Unsunier Clearly describe that in every culture they use sign and symbols as a source of communication. This statement provides understanding about the cultural signs and symbols that every culture use very strongly sign and symbols as a source of communication. According to (Goffman, 1963) that headscarf is a symbol of normative cultural values and social relations of class and power that determine our perception. It communicates the individual and collective motivation of those who adopt it, as much as perception that rejects it. The symbol of headscarf makes sense as a language of relationship between those who asset their orientation towards values of Islam and those social classes that owe their status to normative values of modernity, such as equality and liberty. It further argues that stigma refers to individual sign; socially information and individual transmit about himself that disqualifies him and creates an obstacle to being fully accepted by society. In west colours are more used as sign and symbols like black colour is used for mourning while white colour is used in most of Muslim societies as religious and partially used as mourning colour. Red colour is used as symbol of tragedy and warning. In case of numbers 13 is symbol of bad luck in UK and this number is avoid in any department for numbering purpose e.g. no bed is marked in hospital with 13 etc. in Japan 4, Asia 555 and in china and some other countries 7 is consider bad luck numbers. In Pakistan crow and black dog is consider as symbol of bad luck, in India owl, UK black cat and in Japan fox is a symbol of bad luck. It is evident from the above discussion that sign and symbol is a strong source of communication, and always it is necessary for marketers to consider these sign and symbols which rejects by a culture in providing any product or service. Imagery: Images from very beginning plays a vital role in conveying the messages. In marketing pictures are used as strong source of communication and by this the marketers captured more market shares in the market for their own product. Marketers use pictures for the advertisement of a product or service, but it will be acceptable in one culture but may bring disaster in other society. Comparing West culture and Arab, in West culture the advertisement of bra by a naked woman is consider as a routine and essential for advertisement and attract more consumers to buy the product. But in Arabs it will be completely different, it is also true that Arab women are wearing bras but the advertisement strategy for Arabs will be completely different compared to West. It is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about the culture and religion of Arabs. According to (Keegan et al, 1989) that cultural value always plays a vital role on the consumer behaviour and having defined and always gained a considerable attention in marketing, and also its influences on marketing strategy are well presented. It is clear from the above theory that culture is always playing a role in influencing the consumer behaviour, because every society is composed on define culture and every culture has its own values, which may need to be considered during any decision making, needs proper attention during choosing any product/service. For marketers to advertise or promote and introduce a product or service in a specified market, they need to consider the cultural values of the country where they operate. According to (Usunier, 1993) that customer are different in each country, marketers must consider them, and by considering the values, attitudes and tastes between cultures may help in satisfaction of customer. The above theory states that to avoid the influences on consumer behaviour, it is very compulsory to consider the different customer satisfaction. It is also evident